We offer this guide to furnace efficiency to help you understand AFUE and make the best choice for heating your home.
Before the mid-1980s, many household furnaces were so inefficient that only 60% of their heat warmed the house. The other 40% warmed the outside air through their vents.
In 1987, the National Appliance Energy Conservation Act introduced idea of a “high-efficiency furnace” in the United States. The law required new household furnaces to use at least 78 percent of their heat to warm the home.
Today, a standard modern furnace converts 80% of its fuel into heat for your home. In the industry that’s known as 80% AFUE (Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency).
The remaining 20% is vented out of your home, usually through a chimney flue or PVC drain pipe.
For a furnace to be considered high efficiency, it has to be at least 90% AFUE. The most advanced modern furnaces can achieve about 98% efficiency.
Older furnaces typically have an AFUE of 56% to 70% and feature a continuous pilot light. They’re single-stage furnaces, meaning they’re either on or off.
With a simple exhaust system, the furnace depends on the natural draft of your house instead of fans. And you typically can’t adjust the speed of the blower.
Most furnaces today are standard or mid-efficiency, with an AFUE from 80% to 83%. Priced between $900 and $1,800, they cost much less than high-efficiency models.
These systems may include an electric ignition or complex exhaust fans to direct heat and run smaller overall. Some are single stage, while others are two-stage designs, which offer more heating control options than just on or off.
High-efficiency furnaces—featuring the Energy Star label—have an AFUE between 90% to 98.5%. The sealed combustion chamber ensures the warm air stays in your home and the dangerous exhaust goes outside.
The furnace may include a more advanced heat exchanger, ignition, variable blower, and two-stage or multi-stage heating design.
Furnaces display the AFUE on a bright yellow label on the outside of the unit. If the label is missing, you can look up your model number online.
You can also determine if the furnace is high efficiency by looking at the layout. If the furnace vents to the chimney or roof via a metal flue, then it’s standard efficiency. If there is a pair of PVC pipes—one to draw and one to vent—it’s sealed combustion, or high-efficiency.
Naturally, high-efficiency furnaces are more expensive—as much as one-and-a-half or two times the cost of standard-efficiency models.
Also, if you’re buying your home’s first high-efficiency furnace, you will likely have the added expense of new venting to accommodate the dual PVC pipe system.
But, especially in Wisconsin, the cost savings on utility bills throughout the life of the furnace will more than offset the initial expense.
There may also be tax incentives for upgrading to a high-efficiency furnace.
In addition to saving you money, higher AFUE ratings are a major win for the planet. According to the Department of Energy, upgrading your furnace from a 56% to 90% AFUE can save between 1.5 and 2.5 tons of carbon dioxide each year.
Fully electric furnaces don’t lose any heat through venting gas, so they are all considered high-efficiency. But in Wisconsin’s cold climate, fully electric furnaces are generally cost-prohibitive.
The following comparison of heating methods for Wisconsin was calculated with the PickHvac Cooling & Heating Guide:
Natural Gas Heat
Efficiency: 90
Price ($/Therms): $0.741
Annual Cost: $1,439.91
Heat Pump
Efficiency (HSPF): 10
Electric ($/kWh): $0.147
Annual Cost: $2,858.18
Propane Heat
Efficiency: 80
Propane ($/Gallon): $1.871
Annual Cost: $3,975.56
Fuel Oil Heat
Efficiency: 75
Price ($/Gallon): $2.573
Annual Cost: $4,813.34
Electric Heat
Heater Power (watts): 23447
Electric ($/kWh): $0.147
Annual Cost: $8,372.06
You can increase the efficiency of your furnace regardless of its rating by making your home more energy efficient.
Energy-efficiency improvements will save money on a new furnace or boiler, because you can purchase a smaller unit.
Overall, furnace efficiency varies based on the following factors:
If you’re unsure about how best to increase the energy efficiency in your home, we are happy to offer our expert guidance. Please contact us at LaBonte Construction, voted Best of Milwaukee 2022 by Shepherd Express readers.
We also were voted best in the Basement/Rec Room Remodeler, Bathroom Remodeler, and Kitchen Remodeler categories.
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